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Employers report a shortage of talent for STEM-specific jobs — and in areas such as health care that require “basic STEM competencies.” The reasons are many, including: lack of authentic learning activities in STEM subjects, little time for science in elementary school, inadequate K-12 teacher preparation in math and science content, poor alignment of K-12 and college curricula, and insufficient collaboration between K-12 and higher education institutions to smooth student transitions from high school to college. But underlying the structural and instructional challenges is an even more fundamental problem — the longstanding debate over what students should know and be able to do by the time they finish high school. This disagreement has resulted in different STEM curricula, different STEM standards — indeed, different expectations of children — in every state. Most have fallen short. This Smart Brief describes the varying definitions of “college and career readiness” and “21st century skills” within the Next Generation Science Standards as well as the potential of the Standards in math and science. It concludes with examples of programs — in school, out-of-school and linked to postsecondary institutions — that incorporate hands-on, real-world learning, often with adult mentors, to increase student readiness for college and careers in the 21st century.